Criminality: New Script

[Your Name/Academic Institution]

In high-frequency trading (HFT) fraud, a trader uses a latency arbitrage algorithm to front-run orders—not by lying, but by exploiting the microsecond differences in how exchanges process data. Is this theft? It feels like theft, but it looks like code. Similarly, an AI-generated child sexual abuse material (CSAM) may depict no real child, yet it trains on and perpetuates harm. Criminality New Script

Actor-Network Theory (Latour, 2005) becomes criminologically useful. Non-human actors (algorithms, smart contracts, blockchain validators) are actants that shape criminal outcomes. A poorly coded smart contract is not just a tool; it is a co-producer of the crime. but it looks like code. Similarly